Thursday, October 31, 2019

Three Religious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three Religious - Essay Example In fact, there are fundamental differences in the interpretation and fundamental facts and beliefs of the three religious traditions which make the issue all the more complicated to resolve. To point out an example of the differences in the fundamental beliefs of these religions, the Christian tradition insists that Jesus Christ is the son of God whereas the Jews believe that the son of God is still to arrive. However, there have been convincing evidences in the history of the three religious traditions as well as their beliefs and practices which suggest that the Jews, Muslims and Christians all worship the same God. Thus, a clear understanding of the origin and history of the three religious traditions makes it obvious that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have a common God in the God of Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob. Although one may identify fundamental difference in the understanding of the nature of God in these religious traditions, they all believe ultimately in the same God. The God of Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob in Judaism, which is historically the first to commence, is the same God of the Muslims and Christians. The similarity in their faith in God becomes palpable when one recognizes conspicuous resemblance in the history of Abraham in the three religions.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Rights of the Child and the Childcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rights of the Child and the Childcare - Essay Example Being young human beings, children cannot and are not allowed to acquire certain rights that adult humans enjoy. Due to their premature and underdeveloped intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual faculties, they are not permitted by laws to vote, to marry, to engage in sex, etc. that only fully developed humans are able to responsibly do. It is because of children's limited power that critics question the capacity of children to have rights. Advocates of the will and interest theory of rights argue that a right is protected choices that only those who are capable of exercising can enjoy (Archard). But, in response to will theorists, it is also due to children's limited power that spurred the need to give them a set of special set of rights distinguished from adults. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that 'childhood is entitled to special care and assistance (Article 25).' This has entitled them to enjoy a new set of rights that the government of UN member countries should uphold and protect. This is what the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child contains. One of the primary violations of children's rights is child abuse. ... Children suffering from these may experience serious negative effects that would largely impair the growth of an abused child. Low self-esteem, depression and anxiety, injury, criminal and anti-social behavior, delinquency, or even death could from these. Protecting children from impaired development of their faculties provides them the need for a different set of rights that adults should respect.  

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Leadership and the current leadership approaches

Leadership and the current leadership approaches The literature review will start by a brief definition of leadership and current leadership approach. It also specifies the concept of modern management which will be discussed with directive towards the modern management approach and capabilities. The relationship between the leader and follower will be explained. In additional to that changed nature and perception changed from the modern face of the businesses will be explained. Current leadership, modern management approach and the current practices of businesses in todays market place are defined and the literature will explore how current leadership and modern management are inter-related or overlap; considering the global concept or face of todays businesses. 2.1.1 Leadership: As a Definition In last 60 years, scholars gave 65 different definitions regarding the dimensions of leadership (Fleishman and others., 1991) and also difficult to understand as it depends in which it is classified and perceived. According to Buchanan and Huczynski, (2007), Leadership is symbolized as power, authority and influence. Moreover, the organizations of current business concentrate mainly on the building of team, formation of the networks, and to plan knowledge to achieve a common goal. In the competitive business world leadership seems to be diminishing due to the usage of power and authority when taken in to consideration. In the present trend leader is considered as an individual with the goals and ability to lead the bottom hierarchy to reach the goals of an organization. Another definition given by Northouse (2007) defines leadership as Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Bass (1990, pp. 11-20) also defined the term leadership as, a process where the leader is at the centre of group change and activity and embodies the will of the group. During the period several scholars gave various theories of leadership and author will explore more about the theory widely accepted and most relevant leadership theories which are adopted by modern business practices. Management and leadership have some common characteristics; leadership has been defined as a process of influence leading to the achievement of desired purposes. Whereas management involves, the efficient and effective maintenance of an organizations current activities, and the implementation of policies (Bush and Glover, 2003), which differentiates it from leadership. The theories of leadership suggest that an effective leader has a great influence on the team and the organizational goals as the behavior of the leader influences the behavior of an individual. Burns (1978) proposed two forms of leadership in particular which compromises transactional and transformational. Transactional leadership focuses on the real motives or goals of the organization, be it political or managerial and concerned about the overall organizational development (Burns., J.M, 1979, pp.11). The transactional leaders and followers exchange of needs and services are to accomplish independence objectives (Ser giovanni, 1991). In transformational leadership, a leader engages with others and creates a connection that surges the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower (Northouse, 2007, p. 176). The transformational leadership theory relates to the intellectual stimulation and charisma of the individual leaders (Bass, 1985). The transformational leaders have the ability to create support for their vision by empowering others to take responsibility and powerfully project it. According to Bennis (1993), transformational leaders penetrate the soul of others and affect their awareness to strive for greater ends. Thus, it is challenging to create a leadership talent pool. Leadership activities can be demarcated, defined or outlined and learning opportunities created. Still certain qualities are specific and needs to be selected into the talent pool and needs development at personal level than professional or technical. There is a growing recognition that there is a need to acknowledge the importance of leadership feature for organizations competitive edge (Gibbons, 1999). It is essential for betterment of the current practices and also for transformation of the organization for the future. This learning is sustained or exists in the organizational processes and systems and not just in individual minds of its members and the leadership that solely relies on the heroic efforts might not be sufficient when changes are required in large systems (James., K, CEML, June 2000). 2.1.3 Current leadership approach According to Perren., L (CEML, 2002), over the recent year there have been seen significant changes in what is required of good leaders. Those organizations will undoubtedly face serious problems in an ever more uncertain future, whose leaders do not respond to these required new ways of working. The Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership (CEML) reveal significant shortages in leadership skills such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating a sense of vision in a fast changing environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivating people and leading them through change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Being innovative in products and services and ways of working. The best practice case studies highlighted the following six elements of inspirational leadership. They genuinely care about their people, involve everybody, show lots of appreciation, ensure work is fun, show real trust and listen a lot (cited in: Perren., L, CEML, 2002). The table 2.1 reflects that the followers desire in the leaders; views of both exceptional leaders and best practice case studies findings (DTI, December 2003). From the viewpoint of leaders From the viewpoint of followers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strong communication storytelling and listening à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Genuine shared vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Passion for learning and intense curiosity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Having fun and very energized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Real confidence and trust in their teams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focus on developing people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strong self-belief, coupled with humanity and humility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect for employees and customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committed to giving something back and to making a significant difference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commitment to developing people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clarity of vision and ability to share it with their people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dogged determination and often relentless à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Passion for and pride in what they do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clear standards of ethics and integrity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very strong focus on priorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not afraid to show some vulnerability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Willingness to take risks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regular use of reflective periods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Almost universal dislike of jargon Table 2.1: Most prevalent leadership characteristics: Source: DTI, December (2003) The top six ranked attributes of a leader include; Enabler, Team builder, Social adaptability, Enthusiastic learner, Reflective and Self-belief. The other attributes include; Visionary, Legacy Builder, Single Mindedness, Opportunity Awareness, Enthuse, Developer, Values Champion, Consistent, People Champion, Customer Champion, Self-reliance, Proactive and Knowing what works. Three quarters of followers want their leaders to create and demonstrate trust, vision and respect. Particularly the middle and junior managers are dissatisfied with the remoteness of the top management (DTI, December 2003). To understand the relationship between the leader and follower in an organization, it is must that to understand the word follower. In this research follower refers to those who report to a leader in an organization and follow their viewpoint for achieving the goals for their organization. It is an interesting topic to read and find out how leaders and followers are associated to each other in the leadership process which can be a relationship between superiors and subordinates. Leaders need followers, and followers need leaders (Burns et al, 1978, cited in: Northouse, 2007, pp.3). The whole responsibility and burden is on the shoulder of the leader even though there is a strong relationship between leader and follower. Leader is responsible to motivate the subordinates and achieve the organizations goals. According to Buchko., A.A, (2007) indicates that research suggests that the values of a leader are of significant importance while they are also inherited by the subordinates and t he leaders who exhibit a well built value-based behavior of management which tends to inculcate the similar behaviors in their subordinates. The values refer to the similar design and the belief among the people which bind them together in an organization and the common values inherited in an organization which are named as the core or of the inherent values and how they are exhibited has a unique influence on the execution of the firm is represented in diagram 2.1 (cited in: Buchko., A.A, 2007). Consequently it can be said that the strong leadership qualifications and potential have a great impact on value-based management and the total firm execution. Figure 2.1: The relationship of organization values to performance Performance Market share Products Services Business Processes: Marketing Operations Finance Investment Logistics Service Administration Etc. VALUES People: Behaviors Decisions Creativity Source: Buchko., A.A, (2007), pp. 38 Research suggests that the efficient leaders are those people on the basis of which the followers respond to the leaders who tell them that their work is their first priority. To maintain the followers in motivated path and get them involved in era of change, it is critical that the leaders must create a culture in the organization which stimulates the fun at work apart from execution (DTI, December 2003). One of the research on the soft approach of qualifications of leader (Crosbie, R., 2005) indicated the following 8 unique qualifications of leaders: collaboration/ teamwork; communication skills; initiative; leadership ability; people development/coaching; personal effectiveness/personal mastery; planning and organizing, and; presentation skills Leader must also be able to develop collective self confidence, give voice to all people, and view leadership as learning. The idea of leadership just being about having a vision, aligning and selling it to people is a bankrupt idea (James., K, CEML, June 2000). This is supported by Edge (2007, pp. 039), suggesting that in todays business organizations the work of leading and managing potentially involves multiple leaders including individuals who have not had any formally designated leadership and management positions and does not just include the CEO or leadership teams. 2.2.0 Endeavour to relate management and leadership skills, capability and abilities In this research modern management has to be defined to link between management and leadership attributes. In modern times management and leadership are inter-linked, therefore it is must to have knowledge about management and leadership skills, capability and abilities and both are required in modern managers and leaders. So, it is important to examine and investigate the existing literature on these attributes. 2.2.1 Modern management approach In modern era of management, the directors should have a complete understanding of leadership because it is one of the independent activities important to influence one of the four functions basic managerial functions apart from planning, organizing and controlling. Leadership was considered qualification for a success of organization and along with the rise in technology and the international business, leadership is given more preference. In todays business world manager requires more skills apart from management skills (Certo, 2003). Weekes, S (2007), supported and also suggested to apply the significant changes so that individuals at all the levels have a capability to make decisions and become future leaders. To achieve the organizations success the executive has to understand the difference between managing and leading and also combining them when needed. Weekes recognizes that the combination should show a calculated focus on the process of organization (management) with the tr ue concern for the workers (leadership) (The Edge, 2007, pg. 026). 2.2.2 Defining management skills Decision making is one of the prime factors in management includes capacity to explore and identify opportunities to make use of resources efficiently. The principal elements included in management and leadership practices include managing people, process, structure, strategy and innovation. Critics also argue that managers need to have shift management capabilities from risk averse, hierarchical approach towards the approach that is more people oriented. It is also associated attributes such as inspiring, developing talent and performance management by providing clarity (IES, 2006). Other skills like organizational skills and technical knowledge which are also defined in literature (Tamkin, P., and Denvir, A, 2006) are depicted in table 2.2: Table: 2.2 Skills needed by todays managers Creativity and the management of change: Robert Chia (1996) strongly argues the need for managers to develop entrepreneurial imagination. Innate factors: According to Mabey and Thomson (2000); the most important factors in making an effective manager are experience, personality and inherent ability. Beech (2003) also strongly supports this. Soft skills: Mabey and Thomson (2000) suggest that the skills most needed in this century are the softer skills leadership, team working, people management and customer focus. Generic Skills: According to the Council for Administration management skills are considered as a specific category of generic skills. They support that the management skills are no longer constrained to Managerial occupations. Customer Relations: Chartered Management Institute concluded in the survey that customer relations are rated as the most important determinants for organizational future success by the managers. The need to manage change: According to Winterton et al., (2000) new management development activities are required for need to manage change. Leadership and strategic thinking: According to Kettley Strebler (1997) senior managers need to think strategically, analyze information, solve problems and make decisions. Source: (Tamkin, P., and Denvir, A, 2006) 2.2.3 Management and leadership capabilities The core areas of capabilities development in management and leadership by the modern professionals, who are responsible to both their staff and people who rely on them for services, has been shown in Table 2.3: The author argues that the below mentioned skills and capabilities required in managers cannot be achieved unless a communication channel with followers is developed by a manager. The key skill of communication is to link all these areas and the ability to engage people is the area of critical success regardless of the area of endeavor (CEML, April 2002). Also, there is an increasing complexity in todays businesses and poses multiple challenges which requires both management and leadership skills (ibid). Table 2.3 Capabilities required in managers Leading Strategic Direction: This includes capability to match the external threats and opportunities with internal strengths and weaknesses. Also, includes potential to act as catalyst for strategic decision making, quality and innovation. Managing Client/Customer Relations: This suggests a clear understanding of who the customers or clients are and what they want? About their environment and what will make them happy and satisfied with the services. So, it includes delivering a quality service, relationship building and ability to measure effectiveness and satisfaction. Managing and Leading People: It includes elements such as developing shared values and inspiring shared vision. Supporting and developing teams and individuals and optimizing diversity and talent. It includes the performance management capability of effective delegation such as, setting clear objectives, reviewing achievements, giving feedback and recognition. Making it Happen: It includes operational planning, resource management, project management, operational planning and continuous process improvement. Source: CEML (April, 2002) 2.2.4 Management and Leadership Abilities In competitive world of business managers has to face multiple challenges which require both management and leadership skills. In large organizations, there are many pressures on managers to perform and to be accountable for multiple stakeholders. For efficient running of an organization executive has to motive, inspire and also guide their vision fits with both the interests of other stakeholders and the reality of the changing world. The management competence and leadership abilities previously were limited to needs such as abilities to inspire, motivate and enable people to do things differently to achieve newer levels of performance and customer satisfaction which in turn resulted in lacking of managers and leaders for the modern organization. Figure 2.2 (For detailed figure refer appendix C) depicts the Management and Leadership Abilities Framework, which clearly highlights the crucial combination of people abilities, task abilities and thinking abilities that lead to excellence in management and leadership in an organization (CEML Final Report, 2002). Figure 2.2: Management and Leadership Abilities Framework Source: CEML Final Report (2002), pp. 11 Thinking abilities are represented by thinking strategically. Task abilities include the abilities to manage information, manage resources and manage activities and quality. People abilities include the abilities to manage relationships, manage self, manage and lead people and lead direction and culture (Perren, L. and Burgoyne, 2002). Management and leadership are the key factors for the success of an organization and complement each other (Darling et al., 2007) and can be seen as two overlapping functions. The fundamental differences between management and leadership are: Managers administer; leaders innovate. Managers maintain; leaders develop. Managers control; leaders inspire. Managers are short-term oriented; leaders long-term. Managers ask how and when; leaders ask what and why. Managers typically imitate; leaders originate. Managers accept the status quo; leaders challenge it. Managers do things right; leaders do the right things (Darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W, 2009, pp. 206). In spite of the fundamental differences as quoted above which reflect on the differences in types of personality; it does not specify which one is better than the other because the two sets of functionalities are necessary for the good execution of an organization. In the order with the expertise in the two paradigms that an individual must develop, learn and consolidate the attributes which were not inherited in basic personality (darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W, 2009). 2.2.5 Benefits of leadership and management skills in managers A good leadership and the management are the primary basis for delivering services, quality of execution, investment and productivity obtained in the public and private sectors. The principal elements included in management development considers: existence of education and qualification, formal and informal training, job based learning or experience personal factors or motivation and engagement (Tamkin., P and Denvir., A, 2006). A better execution of organization due to the good management would carry out to: Managers with better skills who can be associated with greater innovation, performance, business growth and also higher survival levels of business. Managers with better skills to implement better management practices, i.e. good quality processes, RD activity and people management. This would be associated with better performance. Recognition of higher level of skills by labor markets would lead to better managers receiving higher salaries, being promoted more and less likely to face unemployment (ibid). The executives also show the capacity to adapt to change constantly and to fast mobile environment of businesses and in this manner they carry their people with them by the process of the change. Several benefits include (EFQM, 2003): Clarity of purpose and direction within the organization. A clear identity for, and within the organization. A shared set of values and ethics. Consistent and role model behaviors throughout the organization. A committed, motivated and effective workforce. Confidence in, and within the organization even in turbulent and changing times In the present literature review it is obvious that a true mixture of skills, capability and ability is the need for the hour of the modern directors to be good leaders. So at this stage it will be interesting to study the nature of the modern business. 2.4.0 Comparative quality and performance of UK management The IES (Tamkin et al., 2006) explored the quality of UK management both within UK as well as the non-UK multinationals. The negative aspect was that the UK managers are risk reluctant and unwilling to treat the poor execution or conflict and are overly hierarchical. Positive side they were sensitive and entrepreneurial. It was seen that one-third of managers and half of the juniors managers evaluated the quality of leadership; particularly inspiration as poor in their organizations with development of leadership given a low suitability by employers. Research suggests that employee view about their manager reflects on their attitudes towards work and the fact results of businesses. According to Rucci et al. ,1998; Barber et al. ,19992 ; Purcell et al. 2003; there is a growing importance of managers role in motivating staff (cited in: DTI, 2003). It was noted that UK companies are less strategic and less forwards focused. The established companies always seek for empowering, energetic and people focused managers. On the other hand it is seen that the problem is with the lack of vision and strategic direction in the organizations rather than the possibilities of management in UK and consequently it is question of leadership rather than direct management (Tamkin., P, Mabey., C and Beech., D, April 2006). It has been argued by Darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W (2009) which until recently it was thought that top level management should only work on the strategies and leadership was considered as part of skills in the middle-managers and the supervisors. They propose that it is now clearer that to successfully delegate and apply the strategy; not only the middle-managers and supervisors but also top management are necessary to explain leadership skills since they discover the strategy and constitute the essence of its existence. Thus, it is accepted, is carried out and well understood that planning and implementing a strategy are not two separate enterprises and they tend to over-lap organizationally (ibid). Survey of followers at various levels of management functioning in the large variety of organizations in UK confirms that the todays labour is sophisticated, informed and diverse than before and so people are still looking for an organizational leadership which is different and better. Research suggests that the organizations did not evolve effectively to satisfy the needs of todays high performance workplace. Existence of an excessive command, control and bureaucracy behaviors in UK organizations which result in inhibition rather than improvement of the organizational performance (DTI, December 2003). With the issues of management and leadership; it is discussed that UK companies are less advanced in context to creating a progressive structure for the development of management and also in linking HR practices to the business strategies. The organizational culture becomes less flexible while companies are becoming more established and developed further. One requires it for them to ev oke their drive and dynamism (Tamkin., P, Mabey., C and Beech., D, April 2006). So, it can be suggested that there is an urgent need to develop the management and leadership skills in the organizations in order to meet the demands of current business environment. 2.4.1 Management and Leadership development (MLD) and its context in an organization An effective and competing business response is to create new business structures (Tamkin et al., 2006) and the essential key with this is to discover how to do; which again places more requirements on managers. Porter and Ketels (2003) proposed that to succeed with the strategies of company towards higher level of innovation, goods and services; change in point of view is must. It is also essential for the managers and leaders to distinguish between the task leadership and the process leadership (Rees., W.D and Porter., C, 2008). They stated that if task is too complicated and the leaders become too much implied with task and neglects leadership process; it can have poor consequence in group performance. In order to achieve this distinctive quality of a leader; the individual needs to gain some experience. Consequently, in an organization the managers cannot begin their careers at senior levels undertaking strategic responsibilities; with the difference of the directors for which th e route is much of clairifiant with the role and the sets by convention definite of responsibilities. But even for managers at the entry point is as specialist and then they progress in their career undertaking managerial responsibilities later (Rees., W.D and Porter., C, 2008). So it is understood that the excellence of an organization depends on the leaders who have the uniformity in their execution and vision. The leaders at various levels in such organizations combine and they motivate and inspired their employees as well in the organization towards the model behavior by excellence, performance and role model behavior (EFQM, 2003). As also indicated by Darling., J.R and Fischer., A.K (1998) that at a multinational firm the management team is mainly enhanced by each individuals interactive style which can together affect the collective achievements and individual accomplishments. The EFQM model as shown in figure 2.5 (cited in: Augustus, E.O et al, 2005), highlights the other crucial aspect of leadership such as; people management, policy and strategy, performance management that includes people, customer and social results (Armstrong, 2006, pp.124) other than a process to achieve results. Fig. 2.5 The premise undermining strategic quality management, TQM and EFQM Excellence Model Source: Augustus, E.O et al, (2005) and EFQM, (2003) Effective leadership management teams are integration of four styles of behavior known as; Relater, Analyzer, Director and Socializer in each individual. Thus, leadership skills and capabilities are essential in every management workforce than just one or few individual who head the company (Darling., J.R and Fischer., A.K, 1998). Although management and leadership are now considered on current basis of similar structures and even to a large level as interchangeable but at same point of time Darling, J.R and Nurmi., R.W, (2009) argue that these two organizational roles are distinguishing responsibilities. They propose that management positions includes responsibilities that come with the particular position in an organization and managers must essentially have managerial competencies such as lawyers, doctors, artists etc. leadership refers to the personal skills and abilities such as vision, communication and influential aspects of their capabilities. Despite these differences; Darli ng., J.R and Nurmi., R.W, (2009) support the fact that combination of these two roles is beneficial and valuable (Collins and Porras, 2002) for the success and development of a firm. On the other hand Svensson., G and Wood., G (2005) argue that even though it is favorable to have effective leadership in management that characterizes higher degree of skillfulness but in minor or major level the coincidence of timely precision at the right place, right time rather than skillful leadership; is responsible for the success of an organization. It was also supported by Rees., W.D and Porter., C, (2008) suggested that the effective leadership and management engage a commitment to set appropriate skills that match with situations. Understanding the requirements of leadership in a particular circumstance can help people adapt to the changing situation, but not necessarily it could be in a significantly different situation where the ability of people to adapt may be restricted. Therefore, they suggest that however some skills can be developed but it is unlikely to develop the skills which are consistent with the basic personalities of people aspiring to be leaders. At the s ame time, the generic qualities which are associated with leadership and also abundant to expect all these qualities in one individual are quite unrealistic. With all these issues the individual must have specific expertise which further adds on to the problem (ibid.). Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007) suggests that the effective leadership is based on the collective leadership intervention and not on attributes in a single leader to achieve organizational goals. Falk (2003) supports this by stating that the attributes or qualities of an individual leader are necessary but for an effective leadership it is not sufficient. So Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007) suggest that effective leadership occurs through a more strategic approach towards management and leadership as shown in figure 2.6 that includes four stages namely; trigger stage, initiating stage, developmental stage and lastly management and sustainability stage. Figure 2.6: The design of effective leadership interventions Source: Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007, pp. 126) Cook, P (2006) argues that, for the management and leadership development (MLD) the employers responsibility becomes increasingly crucial factor and many organizations are now taking responsibility for developing the necessary leadership skill needed in their managers more proactively. Author suggests that to gain a true value of MLD, each organization performance index in harmony with the needs of that firm. According to which the company can analyze various factors such as; what needs improvement? How to evaluate the improvements been made? Therefore, following these principles to enhance or incorporate the MLD; can be a valuable investment for the organization. 2.5.0 Summary In the literature the author has delve into the most relevant leadership theory of 21st century which is flip-flop approach of leadership. The general leadership means of arriving with key leadership skills as noticed by the followers and by different scholars has been deliberated. The essential business leadership and management abilities have been investigated. The passages of modern businesses have been investigated t

Friday, October 25, 2019

Language in Braham Stokers Dracula :: Dracula Essays

The Importance of Language in Dracula Braham Stoker's Dracula exhibits a noticeable tie to other monster stories, in that the creature is hindered by language, and often defeated by it. In Beowulf, the monster Grendel is unable to speak, and is excluded from the community. Shakespeare's Caliban of The Tempest was taught speech, and used it to curse. In Shelly's Frankenstein, the creature was hindered by knowing nothing at his creation as an adult, and becomes a monster partly from the treatment he receives by the people he meets, but also from the books he reads, which leads to his education of hatred and eventual downfall. Count Dracula's problem was not that he was unintelligent in the use of language. He understood the power of language very well, and uses Jonathan Harker in order to perfect his own English. The Count's problem is that the mortals he wishes to prey upon are able to communicate with each other very well and very efficiently. Because they are able to communicate so well, they are all able to join their stories of the count and discover, first, his existence, and second, his intentions. This begins with Jonathan Harker's journal, in which he records his adventures in the Carpathians. This is important, because his journal is an important clue in finally determining what exactly is happening. His fiancé, and later wife, Mina transcribes the journal, and then shows it to Dr. Van Helsing, a noted physician, attorney, philosopher, and metaphysicist. Through the journal, Van Helsing is able to determine what exactly happened to Lucy, who earlier in the novel was a victim of The Count. The phonographic journal of Dr. Seward was useful in observing Mr. Renfield, also a victim of Dracula, who the protagonists used in order to locate The Count's London abode. Another example of language defeating Dracula is Dr. Van Helsing himself. Van Helsing was educated through books and folklore, and was thus empowered with the knowledge of how to defeat the count and his minions. The doctor's knowledge of medicine allowed him to provide the transfusions to prolong Lucy's life. Through his knowledge of vampire lore, he knew to place garlic cloves to ward off the dæmon, how to use the holy wafers to "purify" that which was infected with the Vampire's curse, and the necessary ritual to destroy a vampire.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Baraka Film Review Essay

‘Baraka’ is a non-verbal documentary filmed in 1992 by Ron Fricke. It has no script, no actors and no voice-over. It shows footage of landscapes, churches, ancient ruins, religious ceremonies and cities filmed using time lapse to show the daily lifestyle of humanity exactly as it is. The film begins with a series of slow motion footage of sacred religious ruins which emphasises the calm and peacefulness of such religious places. It also shows many other aspects of nature including volcanos, waterfalls, clouds, stars and humans in nature for example the Baliness men performing a contemporary chant imitating monkeys. It shows nature which has been untouched by man. Ron Fricke then takes a completely different direction and shows how nature has been manipulated by technology and how man has created war, concentration camps and huge cities. In this chapter a shot of an elaborate tattoo on a Japanese gangster whom is bathing is compared with the tribal paint on children and adults, two different cultures sharing completely different views on religion and beliefs but expressing themselves in similar ways. Busy subway terminals, hectic rushed streets with people rushing everywhere are shown and in the middle of all the busyness is a monk walking peacefully in time with the bell he is ringing. One perfect step at a time, this shows how people living in the same area can be so different, in the way of dress, work and beliefs. The final chapter shows old but still living cultures, architectural remains of past civilizations. It shows the efforts of humans to keep our world beautiful and to worship their own gods no matter what culture and thank them for the land they live on and survive off. In one evening sequence a desert sky turns black and stars roll by as they are filmed on a time lapse and the camera moves slowly closer to the trees. The feeling is like viewing the universe through a telescope and that we are all just tiny specks in this great big world.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

City and Urbanization

Urbanization is a socio-economic process by which an increasing proportion of the population of an area becomes concentrated into the towns and cities. The term is also defined as the level of population concentration in urban areas. The proc ess of urbanization increases both the number and size of towns and cities. Urbanization is the most significant phenomenon of the 20th century which has almost affected all aspects of the national life in India. Being the second most populous country in the world after China India's fast growing urbaniza tion has a regional as well as world- ide impact.India's urban population constitutes a sizeable pro portion of the world's urban population. This can be well corroborated from the fact that every 12th city dweller of the world and every 7th of the developing countries is the Indian. India has as many small towns (population 20,000-49,999) as in the United States as many as medium towns (population 50,000 – 99,999) as in the former Sovie t Union; as many cities (population 100,000-499,999) as in the United States; and as many metropolises (population+500,OOO) as in Australia, France and Brazil combined.India has a long radition of urbanization which has continued since the days of the Indus Valley civilization. According to an estimate the percentage share of urban population to total popu lation was higher in the last part of the 17th century in comparison to the last part of the 19th century. The development of cottage industries and tertiary ac tivities during the medieval period helped in the evolution of about 3,200 towns and 120 cities in the country around 1586 A. D. (Raza, M, 1985, p. 60).The damage to this indigenous industrial structure during the colonialism gave a serious blow to the process of urbanization. The roots of the existing process of urbanization lie in Western model of factory industries which started developing in the country during the early part of the 20th century. Urbanization, in India, can be studied through Census data provided at a regular interval of 10 years since 1881 onwards. These data help us in analyzing the trends of growth in the urban popula tion, decennial increase, and urbanization and number towns during the 20th century.At the time of the reliable Census taken in 1881 the urban population contributed 9. 3 per cent of the total population of the country. The growth-trend was sluggish and even negative in some decades (1911-21) due to outbreak of epidemic (plague) and natural calamities, trend of slow growth in urbanization continued unto 1931. The decade 1931-41 observed about 32 cent growth in the urban population which increase' its share in total population to 14. 1 percent. The growth trend was further accelerated during the following decade which witnessed a decennial growth of 41. 2 per cent (Table 28. II) Raising the percentage share to 14. 1 . Here rehabilitation of refugees from Pakistan into cities played a significant role. During 1951-6 1 the growth trend as slowed down (26. 4 per cent) which contributed marginal increase (percent) in the urbanization ratio. It was due to change in the definition of urban places and declassification of 803 towns in 1961 Census. Since 1961 onward there has been steep rise in the urban population and urbanization ratio so as to reach its highest point during 1971-81 (decadal growth being 46. 2 percent and addition of record number of 900 new towns). This was the peak point in the urban growth of the country during the 20th century. The trend ot growth nas been slightly slowed down during 1981-91 (39. 32 per cent) and 1991-2001 (31. 8 per cent) which is a matter of serious study by urban geographers and urban sociologists. Causes may be many folds including increasing pollution, decreasing opportunities of employment and liveli hood in urban areas and development of new sources of livelihood in rural areas to reduce the flow of rural migrants.Above description leads us to conclude tha t during the last 90 years of the 20th century the number of towns has increased by 144. 6 per cent? urban population by 140,23 per cent, and urbaniza tion ratio by 133,6 per cent. Industrialization con comitant with economic development and rural o urban migration has made significant contribution towards this phenomenal growth. But compared with developed countries this rate of urbanisation is still slower. Wulker has rightly observed that while in Western countries urbanization is expanding towards rural areas but in India rural life is influencing the urban areas.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Beneficios públicos que son carga pública

Beneficios pà ºblicos que son carga pà ºblica Recibir ciertos beneficios pà ºblicos en Estados Unidos puede ser causa para que el gobierno no apruebe una peticià ³n de tarjeta de residencia (green card) o una visa. Los migrantes considerados como una carga pà ºblica y esa calificacià ³n convierte a los extranjeros en inadmisibles en Estados Unidos. Esto es, se les puede denegar beneficios migratorios y/o visas. Esto es asà ­ por aplicacià ³n del artà ­culo 212(a)(4) de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Nacionalidad, conocida en inglà ©s por sus siglas de INA. Con fecha del 12 de agosto de 2019 el gobierno del presidente Donald Trump ha anunciado nuevas medidas sobre cà ³mo debe interpretarse la regla de carga pà ºblica. Por ello a continuacià ³n se explica cà ³mo es la situacià ³n actual y quà © supone la nueva regla y cundo entra en vigor. Carga pà ºblica antes de los à ºltimos cambios del gobierno de Trump Se estimaba que un emigrante era carga pà ºblica y, por lo tanto podà ­a ser negada su peticià ³n de tarjeta de residencia permanente o visa cuando ms de la mitad de sus ingresos en dinero en efectivo –esto es, en cash– procedà ­an de programas econà ³micos del gobierno como, por ejemplo, SSI (Supplemental Security Income) o TANF (Temporary Assistence to Needy Families). Adems, podrà ­a ser considerado tambià ©n carga pà ºblica el migrante est ingresado en una institucià ³n a cargo del gobierno. Carga pà ºblica despuà ©s de los cambios introducidos por el gobierno del presidente Trump Tal y como ha anunciado el gobierno a mediados del mes de agosto de 2019, a partir del 15 de octubre de ese aà ±o entrarn en vigor las nuevas reglas. Segà ºn dichas nuevas reglas se podr negar la tarjeta de residencia permanente o una visa a cualquier persona que, en su totalidad, se considere que es o puede convertirse en carga pà ºblica. Por lo tanto, pueden dar lugar a la negacià ³n de un beneficio migratorio uno o varios de los siguientes factores: haber recibido dinero del gobierno a travà ©s de uno de sus programasrecibir beneficios no econà ³micos como cupones de alimentos, Medicaid o ayudas a la viviendatener pocos ingresos econà ³micosdesconocimiento del idioma inglà ©s o nivel de estudios bajospadecimiento de una enfermedad Estn excluidos de esas nuevas reglas los refugiados y asilados, los menores de 21 aà ±os de edad, las mujeres embarazadas que reciben Medicaid y los miembros en activo del Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos. Asimismo, no se incluye en estas nuevas reglas la asistencia mà ©dica de urgencia. Fechas: cundo entra en vigor y no retroactividad En primer lugar, cabe destacar que es importante estar atentos a posibles cambios en este asunto ya que se espera que se dispute en corte judicial. Y, en segundo lugar, la nueva regla comenzar a aplicarse con fecha del 15 de octubre de 2019 y no tendr efecto retroactivo. En otras palabras, los migrantes que recibieron legalmente un beneficio no econà ³mico como por ejemplo cupones de alimentos antes de entrar en vigor la nueva regla no se vern afectados negativamente en sus solicitudes de visa o de tarjeta de residencia permanente. Dos casos diferentes de carga pà ºblica En los casos en los que un ciudadano estadounidense o un residente permanente legal patrocina a un familiar una tarjeta de residencia permanente, dicho patrocinador responde durante 10 aà ±os por la persona patrocinada, como consecuencia de firmar la Declaracià ³n de sostenimiento econà ³mico, tambià ©n conocido como affidavit of support. En otras palabras, si el patrocinado es una carga pà ºblica, el gobierno pedir al patrocinador que le regrese el dinero. Otro caso bien diferente donde la carga pà ºblica es importante es el de turistas que tienen un bebà © en los Estados Unidos y no pagan por la factura del parto ni el pap o la mam del bebà © ni su seguro mà ©dico. En estos casos, cuando el sistema informtico establece la relacià ³n entre el bebà © americano y sus padres turistas puede exigir ver el pago del gasto del hospital, y si los padres o su seguro no se han hecho cargo, las autoridades migratorias pueden cancelar, revocar o no renovar las visas de los padres e impedirles el ingreso a los Estados Unidos. Carga pà ºblica y prioridad para deportacià ³n Segà ºn una nueva polà ­tica del gobierno de Trump, desde 1 de octubre de 2018 los migrantes que abusen de beneficios pà ºblicos pueden recibir una notificacià ³n conocida como NTA para presentarse ante un juez migratorio el cual iniciar un proceso de deportacià ³n contra el inmigrante por considerarlo carga pà ºblica. Carga pà ºblica En las nuevas reglas de carga pà ºblica se incluyen, adems de beneficios econà ³micos, consideraciones como beneficios no econà ³micos (cupones de alimentos, ayuda vivienda, Medicaid), enfermedades, escasos ingresos, o nivel bajo de estudios.Las nuevas reglas entrarn en vigor el 15 de octubre de 2019.El gobierno puede negar una solicitud de visa o de tarjeta de residencia permanente a todas las personas que considere que son o pueden ser carga pà ºblica. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Camille Pissaro essays

Camille Pissaro essays Camille Pissarro's painting style changed from one period of his career to another. Throughout his career his approach to his art stayed the same. He did his art work in a way that not only reflected what he saw but also who he was. Pissarro thought of light as "inseparable" from an object. With Pissarro's use of light it was easy to reach beyond what is seen and into emotion. Pissarro was born July 10th, 1830 on the Caribbean Island of St. Thomas. He went to a small boarding school in Paris at the age of 12. His director at this school told Pissaro to take advantage of his life in the tropics and draw what was around him. Pissarro lost interest in artists that were known as "masters", he was drawn more towards artist who did not conform to accepted styles. Pissarro strongly believed in free thoughts and speech. To Pissarro impressionism was a movement that allowed artistic freedom for artist. He was the one of the only impressionist artist to go to all the exhibitions. It was restrictive judges that influenced Pissarro and many other impressionists to form the "Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers." Though Pissarro could only sell a few of his paintings in his life times, today they go up for sale at about $4 million. Pissarro was one of the first painters to use science of color in art. The work of Camille Pissarro was a big part of influencing 19th century art, yet he is not one of the more wide known artists of his time. The painting "Red Roofs." shows some of the bare essentials of impressionism; the beautiful colors, the quick brush strokes, the wonderful nature scene. This picture can in a way take you away from wherever you are and just set you down right in the middle of the beautiful place. The bright colors of the fields in the background and the wonderful almost gray-blue sky really add a great feeling to this painting. The lines of this painting aren't what really defines the picture; i...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Gratitude and Congratulations

Gratitude and Congratulations Gratitude and Congratulations Gratitude and Congratulations By Mark Nichol Gratitude and congratulations, along with some other words with the element grat and associated with giving thanks, are related. Such words, and a couple of disguised cognates, are listed and defined in this post. Gratitude, and the other words discussed here, derive from the Latin adjective gratus, meaning â€Å"pleasing† or â€Å"thankful.† Gratitude is the state of being thankful, and a synonym for thankful is grateful. The antonym of that word is ungrateful, but someone who withholds gratitude is an ingrate. Gratify, though stemming from the same origin, has a different sense; it means â€Å"give pleasure or satisfaction,† and, depending on context, it can have a positive or negative connotation. For example, the noun form in â€Å"instant gratification† refers critically to an undesirable personal or cultural trait associated with seeking short-term satisfaction to the detriment of more productive habits or pursuits. Similarly, though gratuitous originally meant simply â€Å"free,† that sense has largely been overtaken by the meanings â€Å"unearned† and â€Å"unwarranted,† as in a reference to gratuitous sex or violence in a film; the element or scene is not integral to the plot and is therefore considered exploitative. A gratuity, however, is always welcome: It is something given voluntarily. (Often, the word is simply employed as a formal alternative to tip in the context of rendering services.) Centuries ago, when one expressed pleasure in the achievements of another, one offered gratulation. However, that form was superseded by congratulation, and now it is customary to pluralize that word. (Congrats is a slang truncation.) Unfortunately, thanks to the punning exclamation â€Å"Congradulations!† in the context of graduation from school or college, seen on greeting cards and the like, congratulations is sometimes inadvertently misspelled. Grate, meaning â€Å"grill† or â€Å"scraper,† is unrelated, but grace, meaning â€Å"mercy,† â€Å"elegance,† and â€Å"virtue,† and the identical verb form, meaning â€Å"show favor,† are descended from gratus. Something exemplifying grace in the sense of â€Å"elegance† is graceful, while something lacking that quality is graceless. Disgrace is the loss of favor or honor, and something that brings (or should bring) shame to someone is disgraceful. Meanwhile, scapegrace, on the model of scapegoat, means â€Å"someone who falls out of favor with God.† Another disguised descendant of gratus, by way of French, is agree, meaning â€Å"give assent or consent† or â€Å"coincide.† Something agreed on is an agreement. Something is said to be agreeable when it is acceptable, in harmony with what is desired, or pleasing, and a person with a pleasing or positive disposition is agreeable. In all cases, the antonym is represented by attaching the prefix dis-. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and Expressions75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†When Is a Question Not a Question?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Is it5 a good argument critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is it5 a good argument critical thinking - Essay Example Analyzing a shorter argument involves numbering their premises and the conclusion and lastly representing their relationship with arrows. On the other hand, an arrow is used to represent a statement that gives logical support for another statement. However, if there are multiple statements, which give relationship for one another, the relationship is represented by a plus and an arrow. Therefore, there are two types of support, the independent and dependent support. Independent support does not depend on another statement while dependent support depends on another statement. When it comes to longer arguments, there is a need to summarize than to diagram them. Diagramming longer arguments is tiresome than summarizing them. Diagramming an argument has several factors connected. In diagramming, a conclusion is first identified, and then attention is paid to the premise and the conclusion. Sentences are neither broken up nor numbered since sentences don’t represent a single statement (Barnet, 1999). Another aspect of critical thinking is evaluation of arguments and truth claims. When evaluating an argument, there are two questions to be asked. Is the argument a good argument? And secondly, are the premises acceptable? For an argument to be rated as a good argument, it must have several characteristics. For example, the argument must be precise and clear. This means that somebody must understand the argument for it to be a good argument. Additionally, the premises must be relevant with the topic. The argument must be consistency and additionally, it must be fair. On the general knowledge, a good argument highlights out all bodies that surrounds critical thinking (Ruggiero, 2004). It is obvious that arguments have premises and conclusions. But when is it necessary to accept premises. There is the use of the principle of rational acceptance. This means that a claim is accepted if the claim does not occur in a conflicting side with the personal

Friday, October 18, 2019

Client profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Client profile - Assignment Example I will be your primary contact during the time of this engagement. In any event that you have any questions concerning this engagement at any time, you may either contact me directly through my extension or through my email address. I will send to you an approximation of the time and total costs that this engagement may incur, including the expenses and the fees. Kindly note that this information remains only an estimate, and that it may change depending on the complexity of activities done and time taken. I have also attached for your records and information one copy of the interview form. Please notify me immediately in any case that any information therein is incorrect. Mason does not have a pension plan. Julia has a pension plan provided by her employer. 5% of her earnings go the pension plan, and the employer matches her contribution. Julia’s plan has a balanced mandate investment of 50% bonds and 50% equities. Mason is the plan’s beneficiary. Both Mason and Julia are medium risk investors with little knowledge of financial market workings. As such, do not have a complete investment plan. However, with their assets, Mason and Julia have undertaken investments that earn revenue for them. Their investments are low risk and their returns are moderate. The family lives within its means, with the expenses being 39.1% of the family’s total annual income. The amount that this family spends is below the average amount of money spent by households in Canada. In 2014, the average pending for households with children was at $80056 according to Statistics Canada. Mason and Julia’s family spends $50251.2 annually. This ratio shows that the family is prepared to either fund itself or acquire additional funds in case of an emergency. The family has significant savings and sources of funds that will be important in the event of an emergency. These funds include life insurance policies, Julia’s pension scheme and

Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dualism - Essay Example It must be noted that dualist principles attribute almost equal powers to the opposing forces, whose balance is critical for the existence of the world. Even man, when considered as a microcosm can be considered under the principles of Dualism. Often philosophers have propounded theories that have maintained that man is a unique self, who is governed by a higher self. Descartes also proposed the concept of dualism in his philosophy. He has explained his concept of dualism in detail so that it makes sense to his readers who may be inclined to approach philosophy with a critical and analytical mind. Descartes acknowledges the existence of a spiritual reality, which he calls God, that exists beyond the plane of the human mind and intelligence. He also stresses that the mind, body, and intelligence and entities that are distinct from the supreme reality, which is the cause of the universe. Hence, he says that God and the human mind are different entities and that the entity called God is the causative reason for the mind, which is again controlled by the entity called God. Descartes developed his idea of dualism in similar lines to how Aristotle developed his views on philosophy. Descartes questioned his very senses and existence and tried to derive solutions from the doubts that arose in his mind. This sequence of questioning and answering helped him to derive his philosophy, which was developed on the basis of sequential negation and analysis. Descartes proceeds in this manner to derive the logic that his mind and body are two different substances. He finds that it is possible for him to doubt the existence of his body, without doubting his own existence. Hence, he must be a mind distinct from a body. Expanding on the existence of the body and the substances that make it up, he argues that each substance is similar to his body. They extend into space, are divisible, and obey

Thursday, October 17, 2019

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

5 questions - Essay Example Additionally, in 1965, Louis Pasteur discovered that silkworm was caused by a protozoan and this added more information on the prior discovery of the 1935. However, there were still limitations as the results were general instead of being particular. Koch’s discovery was so particular in his results that a particular disease is caused by a particular organism. Truly, Koch did not only isolate the causal pathogen, but he also correlated a specific pathogen to a specific disease. Again Koch provided experimental steps and guideline to prove that a bacterium caused anthrax by using a specimen of purified culture of anthrax isolated from dead animals. In the modern era, Koch’s postulates have been used to assert the causation of infectious diseases through pathogenic microorganism culture and with the aid of electronic microscopes. He was awarded a Nobel Peace prize in 1905 for his work on microbiology. 2. In 1884, Hans Christian Gram described a method of staining bacterial cells while not staining surrounding animal tissues; however, he thought the staining method he developed was faulty because not all bacteria stained. In a letter to the editor of the journal in which Gram published his findings, write your response to Grams concern. His discovery was not a faulty one in any way, it just had some limitations. To prove the reality, the stain work in some of the bacteria specimen he used. However, the failure in the other cases opened a new research question, why not in all bacteria? It has been discovered in modern science that there are almost countless bacteria, each possess a different characteristics. Some bacteria secret a chemical substance the reacts with Hans’s stained to blur vision. Now it has been discovered that the chemical mycolic acid. Mycolic acids produced by the bacteria interfere with the dye, deterring the dye to stain. The acid is a species of bacteria

Intervention Paper on Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intervention Paper on Exercise - Essay Example She claimed that it has not been long since she was promoted, got stuck doing paper works and computer works. She felt left out as her friends in the office gather together during weekends, while she had to tackle take-home jobs. The program selected to address the feeling of "self-doubt" and lack of self-confidence on client is a daily exercise routine of 10 minute jogging around her front and backyard, 10 minute neck, arms and waist stretching, and five minute relaxation prior to her daily house and work routine. The above Record shall see to it that the Physical Exercise Intervention must be done religiously as a daily routine necessary to ensure the validity and effectiveness of the procedure. Likewise, the following Table will serve as Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) record that shall be answered on a daily basis by checking which applies for one week with the premise that each number is the equivalent of the list below: The SWLS, according to Diener et al (1985) is focused on assessing global life satisfaction independent of positive affect of loneliness. It will show favorable psychometric properties including high temporal reliability. The SWLS scores correlate with other measures of subjective well-being and correlate predictably with some personality characteristics according to Diener et al (1985). Likewise, SWLS is also useful for most age groups in order to asses satisfaction with the client's life as a whole as "it assesses an individual's conscious evaluative judgment of his or her life by using the person's own criteria," (Diener, et al 1985). Results: Within the one week period that the client has undergone the physical exercise mentioned above, there exists a relevant difference from the first day until the last day as may be referred to in Appendix. During the first day, the client was on an extremely low moment as may be perceived in her answers to the questions, mostly in the negative. Then, the answers moved on to the affirmative, until it reached its peak on the seventh day. Reference: Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J. & Griffin S. (1985). "The Satisfaction With life Scale." Journal of personality Assessment Vol 49 No 1. pp 71-75. Pavot, W. and Diener, E. (1993). "Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale." Psychological Assessment Vol. 5. No 2. pp 164-172. Appendix: Day 1 Statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. The conditions of my life are excellent. I am satisfied with my life. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Day 2 Statement 1 2 3 4

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Brand strategy for growth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand strategy for growth - Assignment Example Moreover, setting up targets in an organization practically fixes the quantitative target values and aiming in context with the divisional plans identifying the contributions made by each department within the organization. Carrying out performance analysis which includes analyzing and discovering the gap between the planned desired performances enhances performance. The actual reality and final choice of strategy, which is the ultimate step in the formulation, become imperative. Consider organizational goals, organizational strengths, potentials, limitations, as well as the external opportunities (Banerjee, 2007). The brand manager should seek to understand the market by defining it category. An incoming brand manager should have in order to carry out strategy formulation is a better understanding of his/her organization. This is done by carrying out both internal and external analysis of the organization. It helps them get a better glimpse of the organizations strengths, weaknesses and opportunities as well as a better understanding of its competitors. Carry out a SWOT analysis. The endeavor helps the manager be in and advantage position since they are able to know the competitor approaches pricing and models of communication. In addition, the evaluation will unearth the consumer patterns; make a consideration of brand size metrics and loyalty measures (van Gelder, 2004). The management has to check the brand availability with regard to the mantel and physical disposition. The next important aspect an incoming manager needs to be aware of is the status of the brand in question, what is the mental availability of the brand? (Are the customers aware of the brand in question), what is its general buying patterns? (When is its buying seasons? who are the buyers? And the status of its monopoly effect in the market). All these will enable the brand manager to be in a position to better understand his or her brand better and hence help them in coming up

Intervention Paper on Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intervention Paper on Exercise - Essay Example She claimed that it has not been long since she was promoted, got stuck doing paper works and computer works. She felt left out as her friends in the office gather together during weekends, while she had to tackle take-home jobs. The program selected to address the feeling of "self-doubt" and lack of self-confidence on client is a daily exercise routine of 10 minute jogging around her front and backyard, 10 minute neck, arms and waist stretching, and five minute relaxation prior to her daily house and work routine. The above Record shall see to it that the Physical Exercise Intervention must be done religiously as a daily routine necessary to ensure the validity and effectiveness of the procedure. Likewise, the following Table will serve as Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) record that shall be answered on a daily basis by checking which applies for one week with the premise that each number is the equivalent of the list below: The SWLS, according to Diener et al (1985) is focused on assessing global life satisfaction independent of positive affect of loneliness. It will show favorable psychometric properties including high temporal reliability. The SWLS scores correlate with other measures of subjective well-being and correlate predictably with some personality characteristics according to Diener et al (1985). Likewise, SWLS is also useful for most age groups in order to asses satisfaction with the client's life as a whole as "it assesses an individual's conscious evaluative judgment of his or her life by using the person's own criteria," (Diener, et al 1985). Results: Within the one week period that the client has undergone the physical exercise mentioned above, there exists a relevant difference from the first day until the last day as may be referred to in Appendix. During the first day, the client was on an extremely low moment as may be perceived in her answers to the questions, mostly in the negative. Then, the answers moved on to the affirmative, until it reached its peak on the seventh day. Reference: Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J. & Griffin S. (1985). "The Satisfaction With life Scale." Journal of personality Assessment Vol 49 No 1. pp 71-75. Pavot, W. and Diener, E. (1993). "Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale." Psychological Assessment Vol. 5. No 2. pp 164-172. Appendix: Day 1 Statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 In most ways my life is close to my ideal. The conditions of my life are excellent. I am satisfied with my life. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing Day 2 Statement 1 2 3 4

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Mexican American Essay Example for Free

Mexican American Essay ?Even though we as a society live in a more liberal world as compared to life in eighteenth century or even nineteenth century, there are still people who separate themselves from people of different race, age, sex, religion because perhaps they do not handle change well. People all across their world at one point in their life time can have directly or indirectly experienced stereotypes, racism, and or discrimination. Most likely their race or ethnicity was the basis of why the experienced happened. The concept of race and ethnicity has to be established first among people to get a better understanding of the people they interact with on a daily basis. Race is a concept that is dividing people into groups or populations based on their genetic or biological appearance. A factor that people most associate this with is skin color. Then there is the concept of ethnicity that is more complicated for people to completely understand. Ethnicity is a population in which people identify themselves with by shared culture and history. This will help a person understand why people identify themselves with Mexican, Latino, Cherokee, American, German, and even African American. Personally I have dealt with and experienced stereotypes, racism, and discrimination based on my race. Stereotypes are beliefs and assumptions that are associated with individuals based on their sex, religion, race, or age that may not accurately reflect reality. Some of the stereotypes that I have come across are all Mexicans speak Spanish, all Mexicans are here illegally, illiterate, and have families of ten or more. Those are just a few stereotypes that some of my white and Asian friends have told me that quite offended me. In fact not all Mexicans speak Spanish and even though I am bilingual don’t mean people should automatically assume that every Mexican they come across will know Spanish because sometimes it is based on whether or not they learned from their parents growing up or in school. Then the part where some have said that all Mexicans are here illegally is far from being completely true. I was born here in good ole Lubbock, Texas. Yes, my mom is from Durango which is a city in Mexico but after coming here to the United States at age fourteen she became a U. S. citizen to be able to work and support her family in Mexico. There are in fact some people here illegally but that should not be reflected onto those who were born in the U. S. Not all Mexicans are illiterate because what person would not have trouble trying to read or write in another language that is not their primary language. That means that they have to take time and learn to read, write, and speak English, just like any other foreigner coming from another country. Also to address the stereotype that Mexicans have families of ten or more is not accurate. It is in the culture to have big families because sometimes it has to do with the common religion amongst Mexicans is catholic and therefore birth control is something that is frowned upon and even a sin in that religion. But usually having big families is a choice between the husband and wife; it’s not just something that is instilled within every Mexican to want big families. Moreover, racism and discrimination sort of go hand in hand with one another. Racism is when a belief that all members of a race are inferior or superior to another race. Discrimination is treatment and judgment towards a group of people based on class, age, sex, and race that they are in favor for or against. Discrimination is one I had to deal with on my first time applying for a job once I turned seventeen. I was living in Alice, Texas for the summer and I applied to a small fast food restaurant. I spoke to the manager who happens to be an older white woman on the phone about positions that were open for hire and she was more than willing to speak to me in person. I walk into the restaurant on the set date to meet and she was surprised when I told her, â€Å"Hi, my name is Addy; I am the person you spoke to on the phone about jobs†. She then quickly said, â€Å"Were fully staffed now, I am sorry† and walked off through the double doors to the kitchen. I was so upset because I knew it had to do with me being Mexican because I took a look around the restaurant and all the waitresses, cashier, and cooks were white. My dad and I had a long talk of his experiences through his life in regards of discrimination. He is going to be seventy-two this November and it is sad to know that through all those years discrimination has not disappeared. Also racism is something I currently deal with at my job at Covenant usually amongst the older generation. My position at the hospital is a phlebotomist and it typically is racist comments or even as straight forward as them saying, â€Å"Can I have Chance, the white guy? † instead of me to draw their blood. I have got to the point where it does not faze me much at work because I know I need to keep my composure and stay professional in a situation like that. Therefore, people of all ages, gender, and race have had an experience where stereotyping, racism, and discrimination were involved. Whether it was directly happening to them or indirectly where they have witnessed it happening to someone else, it still has affected their life in some way. It is how a person handles the situation that makes all the difference. Maybe one day in the near future people will be more accepting of change and differences amongst everyone that diminishes stereotypes, racism, and discrimination.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Conventional And Holistic Health Approaches Health And Social Care Essay

Conventional And Holistic Health Approaches Health And Social Care Essay This assignment outlines the conventional and holistic approaches towards health. In addition it identifies, compares and evaluates the differences between these two approaches. According to Linda Ewles and Ina Simnett holistic approache can be defined as an approach to health that is concerned with the body as a whole, as opposed to traditional health, which concentrates on illnesses and wellness in specific areas of the body as a whole. Hence enabling a person to understand and focus on the necessity of whole being and how each part affects individually. Subscribers to the holistic approach to health believe that maximum health is obtained when the mind, body and soul are all functioning in the best way possible and are in sync with the environment. Nevertheless a Holistic approach is seen as physical health, mental health, emotional health, social health, spiritual health and societal health. This will enable them to identify, analysis and evaluate individual parts (not just symptoms) in order to manage, control and tread them as a whole picture. Therefore the beneficial use of a holistic approach, attempts to bring balance and harmony approach to patients. It also looks at the problems and solutions by identifying and underlying causes of symptoms, instead of covering up the symptoms and problems (as conventional medicine) with drugs or alternative medicine. Conventional medicine is the act of using modern Technologies and approved modern medicines to treat a illness. For example, a child or adult who has an attention deficit disorder and attention, deficit hyperactivity disorder will be put on a form of medication that is used to control the bodys behaviour. Nevertheless some people do not believe that the disorder exists and do not want to use prescribed medication to treat the problem and may rely on alternative medicine to help them. Alternative medicine includes many forms of help such as Natural Herbal Medicines, Therapies. Additionally alternative health is seen as holistic concept of health, therefore medicine is merely the act of using natural and non-medicinal measures to treat a problem. Some forms of alternative medicine include diet change, taking herbal supplements, acupuncture, prayer and behavioural therapy. The conventional treatment of cancer is chemotherapy. However alternative medicine involves using vitamins and acupuncture to help their cancer, in order to help ones to have a better Healthy life style. A Holistic approach and Conventional medicine, has many fundamental similarities, beliefs and distinguish characters between them. A holistic approach enables a person to truly evaluate and empower patients to take care of themselves and how to go about towards a better healthy lifestyle as a whole such as physical therapies. Whereas a conventional medicine is very similar but it deals more with stress management, surgery, physical therapy through regulates diet and excises. In addition a Conventional medicine is more based on drugs, allophonic medicine which mainly also focuses on eliminating cure and mitigate diseases. While Conventional medicine identifies and manage life by threading diseases, illness and injuries which in this case is highly recommended especially with therapeutic both acute cases effectively and productively. However one of the main advantages of having a Holistic Approach is that it deals with patients as a whole, in order to identifies and eliminates therapeutic from occurring and treading chronic diseases and to have optimal health towards a better life as individually. A Conventional medicine and Holistic approach, process differently. A Holistic approach enables ones to embrace and connect with their spiritual, mental and physical well being as a whole picture, through the beneficial use of yoga, therapy and/or treatments. A holistic a traditional approach focuses on vital medical attention. This considerate more about the patient safety as some patients, might have some illness that they are diagnosis with. Therefore the use of a Holistic approach would enable ones with the opportunity to find out the reason for their illness and eliminate their likelihood of risk occurrence such as disease, through analysing and evaluating any potential illnesses in the long term. Additionally a Holistic medicine towards health thread diseases effectively, through simply following same basic (traditional) principles which focuses on individual as a whole towards a much better healthy life style. Through beneficial use of treatments and finding out symptoms with Holistic approach towards health. Hence the use of natural healing, rejuvenating and restorative capabilities of ones body stimulating as a whole. However Conventional medicine, in contrast with people who use the medicine usually do not search for cure until they become ill, this might lead to little and serious stress on preventive treatment. Additionally the causes of the illness are measured to be pathogens bacteria, viruses or biochemical imbalances. Therefore scientific tests are often used to identify analyses and evaluate diagnosis; Drugs, Surgery, and radiation are among the key tools for dealing with these types of problems. Overall Conventional Medicine and Holistic approach both take into consideration the vital and a necessity value towards ones a healthy life style. However a conventional Medicine does not deal with individual patients as a whole picture. But instead its more about prescribed medication to control ones body in order to tread the problem. Nevertheless a Holistic approach is more suitable technique towards a healthy life style. A Holistic approach embraces and concentrates to tradition health, by looking at individual patients body as a whole picture and not separately. Hence this enables ones to identify and underline causes of the patients symptoms, instead of covering up the symptoms as Conventional medicine with drugs or alternative medicine. This enables them to identify and analysis illnesses and risk involved within specific areas of their patients body. Also it enables them to focus on patients physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual and societal health in order to establish a balancing and harmony life style for individually as a whole productively and effectively. Lay definition Lay is defined as when a person is not expert. And does not assume they have expert knowledge. This will define lay. According to (Who, 1948). Defines lay as state of complete physical, mental, social, and well-being. According to humans health can be defined as been well as consequences of being fit and doing regular exercise. Also older people with mobility difficulties May define health in different ways compare to young person. Also health can be described in different words; your own explanation of health depends of your cultural background, physical and mental state, and situation in life. Health is holistic view that further than explanation of illness. However, this definition has boundaries, mainly in relative to measuring health outcomes (Bowling, 1991). Lay people dont believe biomedical definitions of health and illness. Instead they have a compound web of beliefs, about understanding health. According to (Cox et al. (1987) has done investigated lay view of health and ill health. And he found out that 30 per cent of people defined health as not being ill or disease-free which it means that different meaning of ill health or disease. And the only explanation to this is that certain diseases, which individual lay people cannot manage without professional help, are classified as illnesses. Most people treat their own ill health, whether it is with lay remedies or over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, with or without the advice of a pharmacist, friend or relative. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=278217

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Fiddler on the Roof Essay -- essays research papers

The musical called â€Å"Fiddler on the Roof† was set in Anatefka, Russia around 1880-1900. During this time, in this small town, held Tevya and his family. Tevya, husband and father of five daughters, is a cynical, obstinate, determined, yet sensitive to feelings, and caring man. He is a clever philosopher and sticks very much to tradition. In the story Tevya says â€Å"Anatefka is our home...to keep in balance by tradition...† This explains the title which is personally understood that through Tevya’s eyes, without tradition, life would be as a fiddler on a roof, unbalanced. This story, demonstrates the precarious lives of the Russian Jews of the late 19th century. The main character, Tevya, compares their lives to that of a fiddler on a roof with only traditions helping them keep their balance. However, throughout the story, Tevya is forced time and again to face and break traditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tzeitle, Tevya’s oldest daughter was supposedly to be prepared a husband by her parents with the help of Yenta (the old gossip woman who also makes matches). Tzeitle’s parents agree with the match-making to Lazar Wolf the rich old butler. The problem is that Tzeitle is in love with Mottle, the poor tailor and pledged each other they would marry. The bigger conflict appears when Tevya finds out and also after he told Lazar Wolf he could marry his daughter. Tevya, after having a nightmare with Lazar Wolf’s ex-wife, threatening to kill Tzeitle if she marries Lazar, and after...

Saturday, October 12, 2019

African Creation Stories :: African Culture Creation Tales Essays

African Creation Stories Since the beginning of humankind, there has been one common thread that ties together all cultures and religions of the world: an attempt to explain their origins. this holds true for the numerous religious groups existing on the African continent. In the absence of science, they resorted to creating stories to account for what they did not and could not understand. While similar in their basic design and theory, these stories varies greatly in their content and meaning. By studying them, much can be learned about the African people of the present and past. The Shilluks of the Nile region, for example, tell a story in which humankind is fashioned out of clay. In each region of the world in which the creator traveled, he created humans from the materials available, making some white, others red or brown, and the Shilluk black. He then took a piece of earth and gave them arms, eyes, etc. This story says much about their values and culture. In distributing the characteristics to man, he chose first to give them the ability to do work through the use of their arms and legs. They were then given the ability to see and taste their food. Finally, they were given speech and hearing with which to entertain oneself ("An African Story"). This shows the value system at work among the Shilluk, that work comes above all else. It also attempts to explain the differences between men of various races by telling of how they came about. A West African creation tale explains how two spirit people were accidentally sent down to earth by the sky god. Lonely, the people decided to create children from clay, but feel they must hide them when the sky god comes down. Because they are hidden in fire, the children soon turn to various shades based on how long they had been exposed to the heat. Over time, these clay children grow up and move to various regions of the earth, ultimately populating it (Fader). Much like that of the Shillu k people, this story serves a two-fold purpose: it explains both the creation of man as well as accounts for the differences among him. This tale shows the West Africans value these differences because they feel that all men are created equal and should be treated as such. The Boshongo, a central Bantu tribe of the Lunda Cluster, tell a different story.

Friday, October 11, 2019

A Comparison of Research Methods

Sociology is the study of human relationships and institutions (UNC, 2013). In order to enrich our understanding of key social processes, sociologists carefully gather and analyze evidence about social life. Most sociological research involves â€Å"field work† that has been designed to most closely represent the characteristics of a population (UNC, 2013). This process involves the utilization of a wide variety of research methods. Some of these methods include conducting surveys of large groups, observing people in social settings, deciphering historical data and analyzing videotaped interactions.For purposes of this paper, we are going to take a more in-depth look at two research methods used in sociology. The first research method we will look at is correlation research. A correlation is a relationship between two variables (Cliffsnotes, 2013). They can be behaviors, events, characteristics or attitudes. Correlation research attempts to determine if a relationship exists b etween two variables and exactly what the degree of that relationship is. A sociologist can use any number of other research methods to determine if a correlation exists.Correlations are either positive (to +1.  0), negative (to -1. 0) or nonexistent (0. 0) (Cliffsnotes, 2013). A positive correlation is one in which the variables either increase or decrease together. A negative correlation on the other hand is one in which the variables go in different directions. If one increases, the other one decreases. If a correlation is nonexistent, no relationship exists between the variables. Correlation data does not indicate a cause and effect relationship (Cliffsnotes, 2013). In other words, one variable does not cause the other; it only indicates that both variables are somehow related to one another.Changes in the value of one variable will reflect changes in the value of the other. The second research method we will analyze is survey research. Survey research usually involves intervi ewing or administering questionnaires to a large number of people. This can be accomplished in person, by mail or over the telephone. Sociologists are able to customize the questions within the survey to make them pertinent to the study at hand. Once all data has been collected, the sociologist will analyze it to pinpoint similarities, differences and trends. They will then make predictions about the population being studied.One advantage to this type of research is that it allows sociologists to collect data from a large group in a relatively short period. This type of research method is also relatively inexpensive. If conducted by mail, the surveys allow the respondents the convenience of completing them on their own time. The mail surveys are also anonymous, which may provide for responses that are more truthful. Some disadvantages to this type of research method are that the responses may not always be reliable, it can be time consuming to decipher the results, and not all respo ndents will reply.A1. Philosophical Justifications for Sociological Methods The survey method is one of the best methods of research for gathering large amounts of information quickly and affordably (Jones, 2013). This method allows for a broader scope of study with greater efficiency (Pearson, 2013). Subjects may remain anonymous, which in turn can produce more truthful responses to questions (Jones, 2013). Due to the fact that the sociologist may not be present during some of the surveys, this method helps to eliminate bias in the interpretation of the results (Jones, 2013).This method of research is seen as highly reliable in that the data collected can be easily coded and analyzed (Pearson, 2013). Survey methods are a valuable adjunct to other research methods. They play an important role in confirming more qualitative research. The survey method can help to identify areas that need further research and reveal broad patterns that exist that could otherwise be overlooked by resea rchers relying solely on qualitative methods (Pearson, 2013). B. Anthropological Research MethodsAnthropology comes from the Greek, it literally means â€Å"the study of the human† (Malinowski, 2013). Cultural anthropology is the study of human cultures, their practices, beliefs and values. Anthropologists accomplish these studies through various methods of research. These methods include (but are not limited to) participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, survey research, interviews and historical analysis. In this paper, we are going to take a closer look at two different forms of research used within the field of cultural anthropology.The first method of anthropological research that we will look at is participant observation. Participant observation is an immersion method of research where the researchers immerse themselves into the culture that they are studying. They will live within this society for the duration of the study (Jones, 2013). By doing this, the re searcher is able to get first-hand experience through observation and participation in ceremonies, rituals, storytelling, language and meals within these cultures (Jones, 2013).They record their findings through voice recordings, photos, videos and journals. The success of participant observation is reliant upon the particular culture’s acceptance of the investigator into their society (Jones, 2013). The second method of research that we will discuss is cross culture comparison. This method searches for comparable culture patterns amongst multiple societies. Testable hypotheses are utilized to try to establish statistical correlations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009). This methodology was greatly facilitated via the work of George Peter Murdock.Murdock was an American anthropologist known for his comparative studies. He developed the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), which is an index that contains many of the world’s known societies (Gillies and Kinzer, 20 09). There are two goals within this research method: 1) to describe the distribution and range of cultural variation that exists between the ethnographies recorded, and 2) to test the theories and hypotheses that have been proposed in order to explain the variations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009).B1. Philosophical Justifications for Anthropological Methods Participant observation allows the researcher to gain an inside look at the inner workings of a culture. By immersing oneself into a culture for an extended period of time, the researcher will gain more knowledge of the society (Jones, 2013). This technique will also produce a greater sense of trust from the members of the culture. This can in turn, provide for information that is more accurate and provide for a more comprehensive ethnography (Jones, 2013).Ethnographies allow people to gain an understanding of a particular culture and the appropriate ways to interact with that culture (Jones, 2013). They also can ser ve as a historical record of cultures that may be endangered or extinct. Some individuals may see the participant observation method as an invasion of privacy. Researchers however, go to great lengths to ensure that the utmost respect is given to all members of these cultures. Permission from the cultural leaders is always sought out prior to initiation of this type of research (Jones, 2013). C. Compare and Contrast ApproachesSociology is the study of the development, structure, interaction and behavior of organized groups of human beings (Diffen, 2012). Anthropology is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time in terms of physical characteristics, culture, environment and social relations (Diffen, 2012). Sociologists study societies, while anthropologists study cultures. Both of these areas of study use secondary analysis as a research method. They each can utilize the same types of material and information. They even use some of the same methods of gathering this information.The difference between them is in how the information is utilized and reported. Traditionally, sociology studies modern, civilized and complex societies (Bhatt, 2012). Anthropology on the other hand, traditionally studies simple, more primitive, non-literate societies (Bhatt, 2013). Sociology studies both large and small societies while anthropology tends to focus more on smaller societies. When it comes to research styles, anthropology stresses immersion in native life while sociology tends to stress distance from the object of study (Dilipchandra, 2012).Sociology treats data quantitatively while anthropology treats data qualitatively. Sociology emphasized that human behavior can be measured and that that measurement is reliable (Dilipchandra, 2012). Anthropology touts that a large part of human behavior is beyond the realm of measurement (Dilipchandra, 2012). Due to changes in our world, sociology and anthropology are converging (McGraw-Hill, 2013). Sociologists can no w be found doing research in developing countries and due to industrialization, anthropologists can be found doing research in industrialized societies (McGraw-Hill, 2013).

Thursday, October 10, 2019

What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism?

(i) Tourism can lead to a multiplier effect. What is meant by the term multiplier effect? (4) The term multiplier effect refers to the resulting effect of a service or amenity creating further wealth or positive effects in an area. For example, tourism in an area will create jobs in an area, therefore the employees of the tourism industry will have some extra money to spend on other services, and therefore improving these other services in that area, allowing further employment in the area. (ii) Explain with examples how tourism can lead to a variety of employment types, at the point of origin or destination. (9) In any area, tourism will require people to create the tourism experience and enhance the visitor's enjoyment of the location. Firstly, the origin of the traveller, for example, the UK, will create its own employment opportunities even before reaching the destination. The travel agent which books the holiday is only the first step. The bank or finance service with which the individual obtains the money from in order to fund the holiday will also play a major role in the process, whilst also creating jobs at home. For the security and safety of the passenger, medical services and insurance will also be required to make sure the trip is not disrupted to a great extent should illness or theft, for example, be an occurrence on their excursion. Secondly, the employees of the destination's airport or sea port allowing the transition from transport to forwarding destination goes as smoothly as possible. After this the hoteliers, caterers, porters and cleaners at the hotel will be needed to encourage a further visit to the area, as if the stay in the hotel is favourable, many people will be enticed to return on future holidays, therefore generating further revenue for the hotel and local services. During their stay the tourists will require entertainment, an opportunity to sample the local food and possibly see the sights the area has to offer by taking a guided tour or coach tour of the surroundings, all of which require people (hopefully local to avoid leakage of revenue back to MEDCs) to man the activities and therefore will create employment in the local area. The need for personal service, such as being waited upon, or having a personal tour guide means that the tourism industry is likely to employ many people during the course of the high season. This means that the people involved with tourism for the most part will have to seek employment elsewhere, as the tourist season is concentrated in the peak season (mostly summer for areas such as Southern Spain, however for skiing or winter activities in areas such as Switzerland or Austria, this may differ). The tourist work is also likely to be temporary from year to year, low paid and informal, with payment cash in hand. This would indicate a transient industry and would suggest that the host country would benefit from a diversified industry away from tourism, such as exporting oranges, wine and Seat cars in Spain, however their most prolific industry is tourism, with many Europeans seeking ‘winter sun' in the Costa's. B. The economic benefits of tourism almost always outweigh the environmental costs. Discuss (20) Firstly, we should consider the economic benefits of tourism for a country. As an example of this, I shall use Spain, a key destination for many Europeans. Indeed, revenue from tourism in May 2000 reached $2654 million (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3158 million), an increase of 22% over May 1999. The first five months of 2000 saw a revenue increase of 9% over the same period in 1999, totalling $9.6 billion (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 billion). This is obviously a huge figure, and is Spain's key industry, as is true of the rest of the world, as can be seen in China, a country not renowned for it's tourist industry, however â€Å"China earned 28.8 billion Yuan ($3.5 billion) in tourism revenue over the week-long Labour Day holiday as nearly 74 million people took to the road† – (LatelineNews: 5.9.01), however much of China's tourism appears to be from within the country, unlike Spain where much of the tourists come from the surrounding countries and much of northern Europe, for example Germany, Fra nce and England. The destination country gains huge benefits from the influx of tourists onto its ‘shores'. Not only does the country's revenue increase by a large amount, but there is a greater employment rate as the tourism industry is so labour intensive, creating a multiplier effect in the region, allowing economic growth and other services to develop to serve both the locals and the tourists alike. An improved infrastructure is developed which the locals can benefit from, for example airports and better roads, as can be seen in destinations such as Fuerteventura, an island in the Canary Islands, which has experienced tourism only over the last ten years or so. Even now, there is rapid and continual growth, with new tarmac covered roads being created everyday, as a pose to the original dirt tracks still in evidence today, however, work continues. However, it is important that the heritage and traditional culture of the area is not lost altogether. In some areas, such as Majorca, its main city, Palma has disappeared amongst ‘Irish' pubs, clubs and a concrete jungle of high rise apartments for a mass tourism experience. In this case, the real culture of the region has disappeared altogether, at least along the sea front. In the main part of the city there is a beautiful cathedral, which has been there since the first Spanish settlers. This type of culture, the language of the people and the local traditions, such as the siesta need to be retained, before the experience of a holiday becomes a home from home experience; in other words, a warmer version of the origin country, such as the UK. This is why eco-tourism and other types of ‘alternative' tourism such as Antarctica and quiet city breaks have become more popular. There are other downsides to tourism for a host country apart from the loss of heritage. Firstly, the amount of people tourism attracts is vast, up to 59million in Spain alone in 2000. (Source: Ministerio de Economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a y Hacienda). This may sound good, however if each tourist rented a car or took a bus to their destination hotel or villa, then the less developed infrastructure of the country will not necessarily be able to cope with the massive influx of traffic, normally in a very limited space and time frame (i.e. – peak season, and near the popular destination in the host country, such as the coast). This will have an inevitable result of creating air pollution in the immediate area. The local resources will also be stretched to the limit as the population capacity (both physical and perceptual capacity) is reached. In many of the destination countries, the water supplies are short being in a warmer region than most. Therefore the water supplies are put in jeopardy as the tourists take up much of the population's water supply, leaving the local population to survive on very little. Obviously this is not an issue in some of the cooler climates, such as Austria where skiing is the main attraction, and the area itself is much more lush than some of the areas I am generalising, such as Spain or Greece. Another key problem is the way in which the tourism industry attracts people from outside of the cities and tourist resorts, such as farmers and rural communities, whom are attracted to the money being generated in the highly density tourist attractions. This will also increase pollution, population and pressure on the area. With the mass of people being attracted to an area, the more housing and other buildings are required to facilitate these employees, tourists and other groups. The environment is therefore detrimentally affected as the buildings destroy habitats, which along the coastlines of many countries can prove to be areas of natural beauty, which are covered by tourist resorts, in a matter of a few years from the start of tourism in a country aimed at this type of mass tourism. These mass resorts need an outlet for the waste they produce as much as three times as much waste as is produced by the country in low season, an indication of the environmental impact that the tourists have on an area. Therefore, it is evident that there are both positive and negative economic (in the form of economic carrying capacity being too low in low season) effects, which appear to outweigh the highly negative effects on the environment in the host country. Indeed, there is a need for a review on how to create a sustainable solution to the difference between the two aspects of a country's development. If a satisfactory conclusion is not met in relation to sustaining the environment in a given area, it is unlikely that the tourism industry will survive as the tourists will be repelled by the poor environmental quality. Sustainable ecotourism or simply a reinvention of the processes involved in transport, waste disposal and the impact the tourist has on the environment need to be implemented in order to create a tourist destination which will last the host country long enough to become established and diversified in many industries.